Software-Defined Networking-Based Campus Networks Via Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms: The Case of University of Technology

As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, networks need to be adopted to satisfy the new situation. People have been introduced to new modes of working from home, attending teleconferences, and taking part in e-learning. Other technologies, including smart cities, the Internet of Things, and simulation tools, have also seen a rise in demand. In the new situation, the network most affected is the campus network. Fortunately, a powerful and flexible network model called the software-defined network (SDN) is currently being standardized. SDN can significantly improve the performance of campus networks. Consequently, many scholars and experts have focused on enhancing campus networks via SDN technology. Integrating deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with SDN is pivotal for advancing the quality of service (QoS) of contemporary networks. Their integration enables real-time collaboration, intelligent decision making, and optimized traffic flow and resource allocation. The system proposed in this research is a DRL algorithm applied to a campus network—the University of Technology—and investigated as a case study. The proposed system employs a two-method approach for optimizing the QoS of a network. First, the system classifies service types and directs TCP traffic by using a deep Q-network (DQN) for intelligent routing; then, UDP traffic is managed using the Dijkstra algorithm for shortest-path selection. This hybrid model leverages the strengths of machine learning and classical algorithms to ensure efficient resource allocation and high-quality data transmission. The system combines the adaptability of DQN with the proven reliability of the Dijkstra algorithm to enhance dynamically the network performance. The proposed hybrid system, which used DQN for TCP traffic and the Dijkstra algorithm for UDP traffic, was benchmarked against two other algorithms. The first algorithm was an advanced version of the Dijkstra algorithm that was designed specifically for this study. The second algorithm involved a Q-learning (QL)-based approach. The evaluation metrics included throughput and latency. Tests were conducted under various topologies and load conditions. The research findings revealed a clear advantage of the hybrid system in complex network topologies under heavy-load conditions. The throughput of the proposed system was 30% higher than the advanced Dijkstra and QL algorithms. The latency benefits were pronounced, with a 50% improvement over the competing algorithms

Lexical Pragmatic Approaches: Relevance Theoretic and Bidirectional Optimality

إن هدف المداخل التداولية المعجمية (مدخل الصلة النظري ومدخل المفاضلة ثنائي الاتجاه) هو توفير تحليل منهجي وتفصيلي لمعاني الكلمات التي تعدل معجميا ضمن السياق الذي ترد فيه، نظرًا لأن المدخلين يتعاملان مع ظاهرة التعديل المعجمي استنادًا إلى نظرية المعنى الضمني، فإن هذه الدراسة تسلط الضوء على الطريقة التي يتناول فيها كلا المدخلين ظاهرة التعديل المعجمي في فهم الأطفال نموذجا موضحا المهمة التي يمكن أن تؤديها العوامل السياقية في هذا الفهم. لذا تهدف الدراسة بشكل أساسي إلى توضيح كيفية تناول المدخلين للتعديل المعجمي، وبعض المشاكل مع كل مدخل، وبيان أسلوب كلا المدخلين في تحليل البيانات المختارة. خلصت الدراسة إلى أن الحصول على تحليل منهجي وتفصيلي للكلمات المعدلة معجميا يتطلب الجمع بين المدخلين في نموذج انتقائي واحد.The goal of lexical pragmatic approaches; relevance theoretic and bidirectional, is to give a systematic and explanatory account of word meanings that are adjusted in use. As the two approaches account for this lexical phenomenon based on conversational implicature, the present paper investigates the contribution of the two approaches in lexical word meanings adjustment in children’s interpretation referring to the role contextual factors would play. It basically aims at identifying how these approaches deal with word meanings adjustment, underlying some of the problems with each approach, and show how they are utilized in analyzing the selected data. The study concluded that to obtain a systematic and explanatory account of word meanings adjustment, the two approaches should be combined in one eclectic model

Studying Shear Behavior of Self Compacting Concrete T- Beams Strengthened With Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheets

The investigational program consists of testing ten simply supported T- beams molded by using Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) with two point loads.All beams have the same dimensions (1500 * 300 * 100) mm and flexural reinforcement. In this study three parameters were considered: shear span to effective depth ratio (a/d), the shape of CFRP sheets and distribution of CFRP sheets.The specimens were divided into two groups (A and B), Group A with (a/d) equal to 2.5 and group B with (a/d) equal to 3. Each group involves five beams strengthened by CFRP strips. In addition to eight Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) beams strengthened by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), there were two reference beams. These reference beams had no strengthening by CFRP strips. All ten beams were made of SCC with fʹc equal to 40 MPa.The experimental results indicated that the Strengthened with (U) shape on the web only get good resistance to the shear force with shear span (a/d = 2.5) more than Shear span (a/d = 3) when we applied two-point load on the spaceman .Keywords: Self-Compact Concrete (S C C), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (C F R P), Shear Failure crack, Shear Force, T-Beam

On 2- Self_adjoint Operators

In this paper we give a generalization of self-adjoint operators defined on a Hilbert space which we called 2-self-adjoint operators. In spite of that we established some characterizations and properties of such type of operators .Moreover we have found some of their relationships with the other classes of operators .Futhermore ,we study the spectrum of this type of operators   Keywords: Operators on Hilbert space ,Self-adjoint operator,Hyponormal operator,2-normal operators,n-power normal operator,Quasi-posinormal operator

Superluminal light group velocity in tapered optical microfibers

Superluminal light group velocity was formerly reported in anomalous dispersion, nonlinear amplification of light pulse, high-gain lasers' cavities, and waveguides. Motivated by a recent observation of light acceleration in optical microfiber [1], the possibility of attaining the light group velocity exceeds its value in vacuum is investigated. The investigation of superluminal velocity is in tapered optical microfiber that has a radius decreases with propagation axis by a factor 10-3. Our results show the possibility of attaining superluminal group velocity in this microfiber at length of about 1080µm. At this length the instantaneous acceleration of light is found to be 13×1019 m/s2 which its corresponding Unruh temperature is 0.527K

Effects of environmental parameters on diatoms community of the Euphrates River system

A study was designed to (1) establish the taxonomy of diatom species in the Euphrates River, and (2) determine the effect of the main environmental factors on diatom community distribution in the Euphrates River. From 14 sites along part of the Euphrates River, samples of diatoms and water were taken during 2016. Diatom samples were collected from the water by phytoplankton nets at a randomly selected site. A total of 96 diatom species were recorded during the study period. Using correlation factor analysis, patterns of diatom species distributions in connection to environmental variables were discovered. Temperature, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, and phosphate (PO4) were all significantly and strongly linked with diatom species in both habitats (r = 0.85, 0.88, 0.92, and 0.83, respectively). Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton 1869 had a higher total number recorded (881.64 cells/l×103) during the study period, and site 2 had a higher total number compared with other sites (4845 cells/l×103). November had a higher total number recorded compared with other months (13722.64 cells/l×103). As a result, we concluded that in lotic systems, environmental conditions can affect the existence and distribution of diatoms

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Selected Cigarettes and Syrupy Tobacco (Mu'assel) Brands Smoking in Baghdad Market Iraq

Smoking related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of many different toxins including heavy metals which have a host of detrimental health effects. The current study reports the levels of cadmium (Cd) , Nickel (Ni), cupper(Cu), Iron(Fe), Zinc(Zn) and lead(Pb) in cigarettes and syrupy tobacco(Mu՝ assel)obtained from Baghdad – Iraq Markets.The mean concentrations of Cd,Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn and Pb were (26),(0.29),(0.42),(1000),(45.3)and (0.26) ppm  repectively .There were some differences in metal concentrations of cigarette brands producted by different manufacturers suggesting differences in the source of tobaccos used by different companies . For (Ni) , there were significant pairwis differences between Aspin and Al AMASE (Bountry) Mu՝ assel brands. For (Fe)AlAmase (Bountry)Brands had higher levels than Pine brands. Levels of (Cd) and (Pb) did not differ significantly across manufacturer group. Beacouse of the varity of toxic heavy metals in different brands of cigarette tobacco and their numerous negative health effects metal content in cigarette tobacco should be reduced. Keywords: Metal, Toxicity, Tobacco, smoking, Mu՝asse

Use and Effect of Internet in Saudi Arabia

Outline n Introduction n Internet infrastructure in Saudi Arabia n Research methodology n Results of our study n Sss n Sss n Sss n Conclusio

Use and Effect of Internet in Saudi Arabia

Outline n Introduction n Internet infrastructure in Saudi Arabia n Research methodology n Results of our study n Sss n Sss n Sss n Conclusio